U.S. distillate fuel oil inventories remained high through summer 2020 because production outpaced demand. The U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) expects that increased demand for distillate fuel oil in the agriculture and residential sectors in the coming winter will help to draw down high U.S. distillate inventories. These initially relatively high inventories, along with lower crude oil prices, will continue putting downward pressure on distillate fuel oil prices through the 2020–21 winter season.

Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, Petroleum Supply Monthly and Short-Term Energy Outlook (STEO), October 2020
Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, Petroleum Supply Monthly and Short-Term Energy Outlook (STEO), October 2020

In March, U.S. refiners reduced their production as the effects of pandemic-related measures decreased demand for transportation fuels. Demand fell faster than supply, leading to large and rapid increases in petroleum product inventories, especially for distillate fuel oil.

Weekly U.S. distillate inventories peaked at 180 million barrels near the end of July, which was the largest inventory recorded since December 1982, according to data in EIA’s Weekly Petroleum Status Report. Distillate inventories have since declined to 165 million barrels, as of October 9, but are still higher than the five-year average for this time of year.

Most U.S. distillate inventories are located in the East Coast and Gulf Coast regions. The East Coast is the largest source of petroleum product demand in the United States, but the region relies on pipelines from the Gulf Coast to meet regional demand. These two regions accounted for 65% of U.S. distillate fuel oil storage capacity as of March 2020.

U.S. distillate demand typically increases during the fall, when diesel-powered agricultural equipment is used to harvest crops. According to its latest forecast, the U.S. Department of Agriculture expects the 2020 harvest season for corn and soybeans (the largest U.S. crops in terms of acreage) to cover a wider area and to produce a higher yield per acre than in 2019.

In the United States, distillate demand typically remains elevated through the winter months; many homes, especially in the Northeast, use distillate as their primary space heating fuel. Based on temperature forecasts from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, EIA expects the 2020–21 winter to be colder than last winter, which was relatively mild, and slightly colder than the previous 10-winter average.

More information on distillate fuel markets this winter is available in EIA’s This Week in Petroleum.

Principal contributor: Kevin Hack